1. See CWG, XLIX, 10-1; LI, 146,205,413-5; LII, 38.
2. The India Conciliation Group was set up in England at Gandhi's behest in 1931 "to promote mutual understanding between Great Britain and India". Among the members were Carl Heath, Agatha Harrison, Horace Alexander and Lady Parmoor, step-mother of Sir Stafford Cripps. At a later stage Lady Cripps became its president and Sir Stafford, then a member of the British Cabinet, would sometimes meet the group (see R.J. Moore, Churchill, Cripps, and India, 4-5, 45-6, 58; R.J. Moore, Escape from Empire, 74; SWN, VII, 42, fn 9). Gandhi kept them informed of the trends within the Congress and used them as intermediaries to communicate with the British rulers. Their task, as Alexander put it, was to provide "a link between the people [i.e. the Congress leaders, especially Gandhi] and the Government" (See CWG, LXXXIII, 269) and to try to persuade the raj to conciliate the Congress leaders. Agatha Harrison, who was its secretary, was paid (CWG, LVIII, 333); others served voluntarily.
3. CWG, XLIX, 189 -- emphasis added; also 235-6; L, 39, 45 and fn 1; LI, 154, 156; passim.
4. D.R. Mankekar, op cit, 101.
5. Thakurdas to Birla, 4 July 1932, PT Papers, File 107, Part I.
See also Markovits, Indian Business and Nationalist Politics, 81, 84.
6. PT Papers, File 132 -- emphasis added.
7. Thakurdas to Birla, 4 July 1932, ibid, File 107, Part I.
8. Birla, Bapu, I, 172-3,178-82. Emphasis added.
9. Birla to Lothian, 4 and 14 May 1932, ibid, 187-92.
10. M.R. Jayakar, The Story of My Life, II, 126.
11. Birla to Mahadev Desai, 8 March 1940, in Birla, Bapu,
IV, 30-1.
12. PT Papers, File 107, Part II.
13. Birla, In the Shadow, 246; also 1-2.
14. Birla to Secretary of State, 19 Jan. 1935, Bapu, II, 4-5.
15. Birla, In the Shadow, Foreword by R.Prasad, pp. V, VI. The Rashtrapati claimed that it had been his "privilege and joy to watch and observe this relation [between Birla and Gandhi] over a number of years. Because if he was intimate with Gandhiji, he was no less intimate with me", ibid, p vi.
16. PT Papers, File 107, Part I -- emphasis added.
17. Birla to Thakurdas, 30 June and 2 July 1932, ibid, File 107, Part I.
18. Birla, In the Shadow, 55-6; Bapu, I, 298.
19. Kalipada Biswas, Yukta Banglar Shes Adhyay, 157.
20. "Last Words of Mohammed Ali", AICC Papers, File G-85/1931.
21. The Congress Encyclopaedia, X, 317, 320-1.
22. SWN, 2nd series, I, 427; also ibid, XV, 204-5; CWG, LXXXIV, 325.
23. SWN, XV, 204.
24. CWG, L, 469.
25. CWG, LI, 50, 62; Gandhi to Devdas Gandhi, 13 Sept. 1932; Gandhi's cable to Sapru, 16 Sept; statement to the press, 16 Sept.; ibid, 51-2, 60, 64.
26. D.G. Tendulkar, Mahatma, III, 203.
27. Birla, In the Shadow, 63; Bapu, I, 379; CWG, LI, 464-5.
28. SWN, V, 407-8,410 -- emphasis added.
29. CWG, LI, 146; also ibid, 205, LII, 37-8.
30. Ibid, LXI, 336-7; Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi:The Last Phase,
II, 667; CWG, LV, 278-9.
31. Tendulkar, op cit., III, 236.
32. CWG, LI, 264; see also ibid, 350; XXVI, 289,540; XXVII, 10,172-3; passim.
33. Ibid, LVII, 43-4,414; LI, 462.
34. B.R. Ambedkar, What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables, 196-7.
35. CWG, XX, 173; LV, 278; LXIV, 86-7; XLVI, 340.
36. Quoted in Eleanor Zelliot, "Congress and the Untouchables, 1917-1950", in R.Sisson and S.Wolpert (eds.), Congress and Indian Nationalism, 193.
37. CWG, LXIII, 32; see also LXII, 44-5.
38. Ibid, XLIII, 265 -- emphasis added.
39. Ibid, XXIX, 335; LVI, 385,386; LXII, 37,64-5; passim.
40. CWG, LXXXIII, 239; see also LVI, 1-3,110-1; LXXXVII, 351; XC, 92-4.
41. See Eleanor Zelliot, op cit., 183-4.
42. Gandhi here referred to the attacks of the Moplah peasants on Hindu landlords and moneylenders. See Vol. I of this book, 224-5.
43. CWG, XXI, 322.
44. Ram Gopal, op cit., 195-6.
45. CWG, LXXIV, 18,35-6; LXII, 417; LXIII, 174,235,267; LXIV, 18-9,36-7; LXIII, 210.
46. Ibid, LVI, 383-4.
47. Pandey, op cit., 71,209.
48. Bose, op cit., 258.
49. Quoted in D.A. Low, "`Civil Martial Law': The Government of India and the Civil Disobedience Movements, 1930-34", in Low (ed.), op cit., 181; see Tendulkar, op cit., III, 219.
50. Valia, "The Constitution for the Enslavement of the Indian People and the Policy of the Indian Bourgeoisie", Communist International, Vol.X, No.11, 15 June 1933; reprinted in Radical Periodicals in the United States, 1933, p.389.
51. Birla to Hoare, 2 Nov. 1932, Bapu, I, 223.
52. CWG, LV, 74,76,77,106.
53. Bose, op cit., 261,fn.2; CWG, LV, 157.
54. Frank Moraes, Witness to an Era, 33.
55. CWG, LV, 158-60.
56. Sitaramayya, op cit, I, 560-1.
57. Bose, op cit, 357.
58. SWN, V, 478-9 -- emphasis added.
59. CWG, LV, 446-8 -- emphasis added.
60. Ibid, 196-7,202.
61. SWN, V, 484 -- emphasis added.
62. CWG, LV, 262,265-7 -- emphasis added.
63. Ibid, 264 and fn.3, 271 and fn.1; see also 281,301.
64. Ibid, 275,295-6,301,450-1.
65. SWN, V, 489 -- emphasis added.
66. Ibid, 532, 538 -- emphasis added; also 534-7.
67. Ibid, 535; Gopal, op cit., 180.
68. SWN, VI, 136 -- emphasis added.
69. Ibid, V, 527; Gopal, op cit., 243.
70. CWG, LV, 303; LVI, 276.
71. Ibid, LV, 373,376,392; LVI, 108.
72. Ibid, 30,96,197-8.
73. Ibid, LV, 469; Low, "`Civil Martial Law'...", op cit., 186.
74. Ibid, LVII, 152,185,272.
75. Low, "Civil Martial Law", op cit., 182,183-4.
76. Secretary of State to Anderson, 7 April 1933, cited in Tanika Sarkar, op cit., 147.
77. Quoted in David Arnold, "The Politics of Coalescence", in Low (ed.), op cit., 274.
78. CWG, LVII, 363; LVI, 167-8,459; LVII, 268,338,352-3.
79. See B.B. Misra, The Indian Political Parties, 300,302-3; Low, "Civil Martial Law", op cit., 187.
80. IAR, 1934, I, 451-2.
81. See Judith Brown, Gandhi and Civil Disobedience, 359 -- emphasis added.
82. See CWG, LVII, 348-50.
83. SWN, VI, 248,251. Emphasis added.
84. CWG, LVII, 338,352-3 and fn.1,2; 363.
85. Ibid, 407,413,425.
86. Birla, Bapu, I, 377; CWG, LVII, 413.
87. Ibid, 407.
88. See Low, "Civil Martial Law", op cit, 187,189 -- emphasis added.
89. Ibid, 188; see Misra, op cit., 283-4; CWG, LVIII, 8.
90. PT Papers, File 126, Part I.
91. Birla, Bapu, I, 366; see Misra, op cit, 304-5.
92. SWN, VI, 259 and fn.38.
93. CWG, LVIII, 28,36-7,136-7,247-8.
94. See CWG, LVIII, 455 -- emphasis added.
95. Ibid, 255-6 -- emphasis added.
96. SWN, VI, 271-2.
97. Nehru, A Bunch of Old Letters, 112-7.
98. Ibid, 117-9; CWG, LVIII, 330.
99. See Rani Dhavan Shankardass, Vallabhbhai Patel, 128.
100. See SWN, VI, 330 n.96 -- emphasis added.
101. Bombay Congress Bulletin, 10 Oct. 1932, PT Papers, File 101; IAR, 1932, II, 310-4; CWG, LI, 265 and fn.2.
102. C.H. Philips, `Introduction', in Philips and Wainwright (eds.), op cit., 35.
103. "Summary of Conversation between Mr Jinnah and Myself", Vallabhbhai Patel Papers; quoted in John Gallagher, The Decline, Revival and Fall of the British Empire, 194.
104. Rajendra Prasad, Autobiography, 400-2; Gallagher, op cit., 196-8.
105. L.P. Sinha, The Left-Wing in India (1919-47), 323.
106. M.R. Masani, The Communist Party of India, 54.
107. Ram Niwas Jaju, G.D. Birla: A Biography, 246; see also CWG, LIX, 191.
108. L.P. Sinha, op cit., 322.
109. See CWG, LVIII, 27-9,36-7; Shankardass, op cit., 118.
110. G. Safarov, "The Congress Socialist Party and the New Manoeuvres of the National Congress in India", Communist International, Vol.XI, No.22, Nov. 1934, in Radical Periodicals, 1934, 785.
111. See Sinha, op cit., 350,352-5.
112. Birla to Rajendra Prasad, 12 July 1936, AICC Papers, G43 (KW)/1935, cited in Tomlinson, The Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929-1942, 52; PT Papers, File 42, Part VI.
113. Jamnalal Bajaj (then acting Congress president) to Uma Nehru, 21 June 1934, AICC Papers G29/1934, cited in Tomlinson, ibid.
114. See Gopal, op cit., 210.
115. CWG, LVIII, 371,403-4.
116. See Subodh Roy (ed.), Communism in India: Unpublished Documents 1935-45, 33; see also Shankardass, op cit., 122-3.
117. Times of India, 4 Oct. 1934, cited in Shankardass, ibid, 119.
118. CWG, LIX, 3-12; also 174-83.
119. See Nehru, An Autobiography, 287n.; CWG, LIX, 23.
120. CWG, LXI, 385,406,411; LXVI, 285; LXII, 424-5,455,476.
121. Shankardass, op cit., 126; Bose, op cit., 306.
122. GOI, Home, Poll, File No.3/16 of 1934, cited in Gitasree Bandyopadhyay, op cit., 310.
123. Birla, Bapu, III, 267.
124. Harijan, 30 March 1940, quoted in Pyarelal, op cit., II, 667.
125. Birla to Gandhi's Secretary Mahadev Desai, 18 Dec. 1934, Bapu, I, 456; II, 9,14,17. Emphasis added.
126. Ibid, 10-14 -- emphasis added.
127. Ibid, 20-2; CWG, LX, 116,227.
128. Willingdon to Zetland, 24 June 1935, quoted in Moore, Endgames of Empire, 63; see also Sitaramayya, op cit., I, 604.
129. Birla, In the Shadow, 156; Bapu, II, 28-9,34,41; CWG, LX, 281,406. Emphasis added.
130. Birla, Bapu, II, 44-7 -- emphasis added.
131. Birla, In the Shadow, 173; Bapu, II, 51-4,61.
132. Ibid, 67-75 -- emphasis added. See also "Despatch to Gandhiji from London", 14 June 1935, ibid, 51-4.
133. CWG, LXI, 253-4,310; Birla, Bapu, II, 106,112 -- emphasis added.
134. Ibid, 83-7,104-5,140,123 -- emphasis added.
135. Ibid, 136,143.
136. Birla, In the Shadow, 176-9 -- emphasis added where not otherwise mentioned.
137. Birla, Bapu, II, 91,122,123,131.
138. Reginald Coupland, The Indian Problem 1833-1935, 146.
139. Valia, "The Economic Crisis and the Policy of British Imperialism in India", Communist International, 15 May 1932, in Radical Periodicals, 1932, 285.
140. Birla, In the Shadow, 131; Bapu, III, 268.
141. Birla, Bapu, II, 140 -- emphasis added.
142. Birla, In the Shadow, 181; CWG, LXI, 405, 424.
143. Birla, Bapu, II, 143,145,146,147,150,152. Emphasis added.
144. Mahadev Desai to Nehru, 6 Sept. 1935, JN Papers, Vol.No.17.
145. Gopal, op cit., 137.
146. CWG LXXV, 224; LXVI, 285.
147. The Congress Encyclopaedia, XI, 116-8.
148. SWN, VII, 185 -- emphasis added.
149. Gopal, op cit., 205; The Congress Encyclopaedia, XI, 118.
150. PT Papers, File 177.
151. SWN, VII, 142 -- emphasis added; also 149; VIII, 251.
152. Leader (Allahabad), 4 July and 9 July 1936, cited in B.R. Tomlinson, The Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929-42, 60.
153. See D.G. Tendulkar, op cit., IV, 191.
154. Birla, Bapu, II, 261-5,265-7,270 -- emphasis added; Gandhi to Birla, 7 Aug. 1936, CWG, LXIII, 204.
155. Birla, Bapu, II, 327-30 -- emphasis added.
156. The Congress Encyclopaedia, XI, 253-4.
157. CWG, LXV, 118-9.
158. Gopal, op cit., 219 -- emphasis added.
159. Home (Pol.) File F4/16/37-Poll of 1937, 89; cited in Misra, op cit., 326-7.
160. Times of India, 3 Mar. 1937; cited in Shankardass, The First Congress Raj, 35; see also 36,40.
161. See Markovits, op cit., 105, fn.22; Shankardass, The First Congress Raj, 36. Shankardass quotes from Rafi Ahmed Kidwai's statement to the press, Times of India, 5 Mar. 1937.
162. Legislative Assembly Debates, Vol.I, No.10, 558; quoted in Sarat Bose to Satyamurthi, 1 Sept. 1935, Advance (Calcutta), 26 June 1936.
163. Minutes of the CWC meeting, Wardha, 5 to 9 July, 1937, AICC Papers, File 42/1936.
164. Minutes of the AICC meeting, Jubbalpur, 24 and 25 Apr. 1935, AICC Papers, File G31-1934 (Part I).
165. David Arnold, op cit., 283.
166. Birla, Bapu, III, 6-7 -- emphasis added; 9,14; CWG, LXV, 380.
167. Birla, Bapu, II, 373; III, 14-5 -- emphasis added.
168. Ibid, 57.
169. CWG, LXV, 408 -- emphasis added.
170. D.A. Low, "Introduction: The Climactic Years 1917-47", in Low (ed.) op cit., 30; Arnold, op cit., 281.
171. Birla, Bapu, III, 32-3,13.
172. Ibid, II, 81; III, 32.
173. Birla, In the Shadow, 230-1 -- emphasis added.
174. Birla, Bapu, III, 21-2 -- emphasis added.
175. Ibid, II, 153; III, 6,13, passim.
176. Ibid, 56.
177. CWG, LXVI, 71 -- emphasis added.